Abstract
The development of spatial thinking is a crucial aspect of cognitive growth in primary education learners, as it enables the ability to navigate both real and graphical spaces, analyse relationships between objects, and assess their dimensions, distances, and locations. In contemporary educational contexts, the issue of fostering cartographic literacy as a means of enhancing spatial thinking has become particularly relevant, as it equips pupils with the skills necessary to work effectively with geographical maps and other graphical materials. This study aimed to substantiate the significance of spatial thinking for the intellectual development of young learners and to identify effective methods for its advancement in the process of cultivating cartographic literacy. The research involved an analysis of regulatory documents, educational curricula, and methodological guidelines governing the primary school education process. Additionally, an assessment of spatial thinking proficiency levels among young learners was conducted, revealing a predominance of intermediate and sufficient levels of competence development. This confirmed the need to refine methodological approaches to its development. The article examined contemporary pedagogical approaches that foster the development of spatial thinking, including graphic modelling, interactive exercises, problem-based learning, and the use of information and communication technologies. It has been established that implementing these methods enhances pupils’ cognitive engagement, cultivates analytical thinking skills, and improves their ability to work with cartographic materials. The study findings indicated that the spatial thinking proficiency of most young learners is at an intermediate or sufficient level, highlighting the need to refine methodological approaches to its advancement. The proposed methods can be integrated into educational practice in traditional, blended, and distance learning formats, facilitating the development of spatial analysis and critical thinking skills while enhancing the effectiveness of knowledge acquisition
Keywords
visual thinking; cognitive development; map work; graphic modelling; educational process
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